What is gambeson?

A gambeson is a type of padded defensive jacket, worn as armor during the medieval period. It is constructed by stitching together multiple layers of fabric, typically linen or wool, sometimes filled with wool, horsehair, or even scraps of old cloth. This quilting process creates a thick garment that provides a surprising degree of protection.

Features and Use:

1. Construction: A typical gambeson is made from horizontal or vertical strips of padding sandwiched between the outer and inner fabric layers. The padding is secured with stitches, often in a quilted pattern, to ensure it stays in place.

2. Protection: Despite the soft materials used in its construction, a gambeson can effectively absorb and distribute the force of blows from weapons, providing a degree of protection against cuts and bruises. It was often worn underneath chainmail or plate armor for additional protection and comfort.

3. Versatility: Compared to other forms of armor, a gambeson offers greater flexibility and freedom of movement. This made it a popular choice for soldiers who needed more mobility in their fighting style.

4. Double as Clothing: Beyond its defensive properties, a gambeson could also serve as an outer garment, especially in cooler climates, due to its insulation properties.

5. Historical Use: Gambesons were widely used by both infantry and cavalry across Europe from the 11th to the 15th centuries. They were an affordable option for lower-ranking soldiers who could not afford more advanced armor types.

6. Variants: Depending on the period and region, gambesons could vary in length, thickness, and style. Some had long sleeves, while others were sleeveless or short-sleeved. They might be worn with additional armor components, including chainmail overlays, or as the sole protection.

Overall, the gambeson was a crucial part of medieval armor systems due to its balance of protection, comfort, and cost-effectiveness. It represents an important phase in the evolution of personal armor in Western history.