What is ibid?

Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin word "ibidem," meaning "in the same place." In academic writing and footnotes, it is used to avoid repeating information when a source is cited multiple times in succession.

• Function: Ibid. serves as a shorthand to indicate that the current citation refers to the same source as the immediately preceding citation. It saves space and reduces redundancy.

• Usage:

  • If the page number is the same as the previous citation, simply write "Ibid."
  • If the page number is different, write "Ibid., p. [page number]" or "Ibid., pp. [page numbers]".
  • Ibid. should only be used if the preceding citation refers to the exact same source. If there's even a slight difference (e.g., a different article by the same author), ibid. is not appropriate.

• Placement: Like other footnote abbreviations (e.g., cf., op. cit.), ibid. is usually italicized.

• Example:

  1. John Smith, The History of the World (New York: Example Press, 2000), 15.
  2. Ibid.
  3. Ibid., 22.
  4. Jane Doe, Another History (London: Fictional Books, 2010), 100.
  5. Ibid., 105.

  In this example, entries 2 and 3 refer back to Smith's The History of the World. Entry 5 refers back to Doe's Another History.

• Alternatives: Depending on the style guide (e.g., MLA, Chicago, APA), other methods for citing sources used multiple times may be preferred, such as short titles or author-date citations. Always consult the relevant style guide for specific instructions. Some style guides discourage using ibid. altogether.

Here are some important concepts related to ibid.:

• <a href="https://www.wikiwhat.page/kavramlar/Citation">Citation</a>
• <a href="https://www.wikiwhat.page/kavramlar/Footnotes">Footnotes</a>
• <a href="https://www.wikiwhat.page/kavramlar/Style%20Guides">Style Guides</a>
• <a href="https://www.wikiwhat.page/kavramlar/Academic%20Writing">Academic Writing</a>