What is ibid?

Ibid is an abbreviation for the Latin word "ibidem" which means “in the same place”. It is commonly used in academic writing to refer to a source that was previously cited in the text. Instead of repeating the full citation, writers use "ibid" to indicate that the source is the same as the one just cited, but the page number(s) are different. For example, if a book was cited on page 9 of an article and then again on page 11, the second citation would include "ibid" after the author's name and the title of the book, along with the new page number(s): (Author, Title, ibid., p. 11). The use of ibid helps to simplify citations and make them more efficient.