What is neorealism?

Neorealism, also known as structural realism, is a theory in international relations that aims to explain the behavior of states based on the structure of the international system. It emerged as a response to classical realism, which focused on human nature and the role of individuals in international relations.

Key Features of Neorealism:

1. Anarchical International System: Neorealism asserts that the international system is inherently anarchic, meaning there is no central authority governing the interactions between states. This absence of a higher authority leads states to rely on self-help and the pursuit of power to ensure their own security.

2. Importance of Power Distribution: Neorealism emphasizes the distribution of power among states as a key factor in shaping their behaviors. States are seen as rational actors that strive to maximize their security through balancing or bandwagoning strategies in response to power disparities.

3. States as Unitary Actors: Neorealism assumes that states act as unitary actors with coherent rational preferences, irrespective of domestic politics or the influence of individual leaders. It focuses on the actions and interactions of states as a whole, rather than on the internal dynamics within states.

4. Relative Gains: Neorealism posits that states primarily concern themselves with relative gains rather than absolute gains. That is, they are more interested in increasing their power relative to other states, rather than focusing solely on their own economic or military capabilities in isolation.

5. Long-Term Stability: Stability is a central concern in neorealism, and it is believed that states will often pursue a balance of power or establish alliances to maintain stability in the international system. States may engage in behavior that appears aggressive or expansionist, but this is typically driven by a desire for security rather than aggressive intentions.

Prominent Scholars of Neorealism:

• Kenneth Waltz: Often referred to as the father of neorealism, Waltz's influential work "Theory of International Politics" in 1979 laid the foundation for structural realism.

• John J. Mearsheimer: Mearsheimer expanded upon Waltz's ideas and developed the concept of offensive realism, which suggests that states' motivations for pursuing power are inherently aggressive rather than solely defensive.

• Robert Jervis: Jervis has contributed to neorealism by examining the role of perception and misperception in international relations, exploring how states' understanding of each other's intentions can impact their behavior.

Overall, neorealism provides a systemic framework for understanding states' behavior in the international system, focusing on the structural constraints and dynamics that shape their decision-making processes.