What is ruhnama?

Ruhnama is a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the former President of Turkmenistan. It was first published in 2001 and is considered a spiritual guide and code of moral conduct for the people of Turkmenistan. The book covers a wide range of topics, including history, morality, spirituality, and the principles of the Turkmen state.

Ruhnama is a central component of the personality cult that Niyazov built around himself during his time in power. Citizens were required to study the book and pass exams on its content in order to obtain government positions or access to public services.

Critics of the book argue that it is filled with self-aggrandizing propaganda and unrealistic ideals, while supporters see it as a unifying force for the Turkmen people. After Niyazov's death in 2006, the book's influence has waned, but it remains an important symbol of his rule in Turkmenistan.