José Ortega y Gasset, full name José Ortega y Gasset de la Torre, (born May 9, 1883, Madrid, Spain—died Oct. 18, 1955, Madrid), philosopher and humanist who greatly influenced 20th-century Spanish culture. Ortega y Gasset studied at the universities of Deusto and Madrid and later became professor of metaphysics at the University of Madrid, a post he held from 1910 until 1936. In 1923 he founded the quarterly Revista de Occidente (“Review of the West”), which he directed until 1936. During the Spanish Civil War he exiled himself to France and then to Argentina (1936–45) and finally returned to Madrid. His major works include Meditaciones del Quijote (1914), España invertebrada (1921; Invertebrate Spain), Historia como sistema (1935; History as a System), and La Rebelión de las masas (1930; The Revolt of the Masses), which contains his most famous aphorism: “Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia” (“I am I and my circumstance”). Among his other notable works are En torno a Galileo (1933; “In Regard to Galileo”), which contains his theory of perspectivism in science, and, with Paul Natorp, an edition of the works of Immanuel Kant (1923–34).
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