What is jhimma?

Jhimma (also spelled dhimma) is a historical term referring to the status of non-Muslims (dhimmis) living in Islamic states. It stemmed from a pact or contract (dhimma) guaranteeing protection to non-Muslim communities in exchange for their acknowledgment of Islamic rule and the payment of a special tax known as jizya.

The system encompassed various aspects, including:

• Legal Status: Dhimmis had limited legal rights compared to Muslims. While they were generally permitted to practice their religion and manage their community affairs, they were subject to specific restrictions and discriminatory laws. Some of these might include limitations on building new places of worship, holding certain public offices, and bearing arms.
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• Jizya: The jizya was a per capita tax levied on adult, free, male non-Muslims. The payment of this tax was often seen as a symbol of submission to Islamic rule and a guarantee of protection.
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• Protection: In return for their submission and payment of the jizya, dhimmis were granted protection of their lives, property, and freedom of worship.
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• Social Restrictions: Dhimmis often faced social restrictions, such as requirements to dress differently or live in specific areas.
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The application and interpretation of jhimma varied considerably across different periods and regions of Islamic history. Some argue that it provided a relatively tolerant framework for the coexistence of different religious groups, while others criticize it as a system of institutionalized discrimination.